The Relationship Between Destiny (Qadar), Decree (Qaḍā) and Badāʾ from Allamah Tabataba'i's Perspective: An Analysis in Light of the Quran and Hadith

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری کلام اسلامی، جامعة المصطفی العالمیة، ابوجا، نیجریه

2 استاد تمام علوم قرآن و حدیث، جامعه المصطفی العالمیه، قم، ایران

3 دانش‌پژوه دکتری کلام اسلامی، جامعة المصطفی العالمیة، ابوجا، نیجریه

4 عضو انجمن قرآن و مستشرقان، حوره علمیه قم، قم، ایران

10.22034/qns.2025.22035.1139

چکیده

Islamic Theology is a profound science that explores complex Divine actions, including destiny (qadar), decree (qaḍā), and badāʾ (the theological concept of divine alteration). This paper employs a descriptive-analytic method to analyze these concepts through the perspective of Allamah Tabatabai, comparing his views with the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Allamah bases his understanding on the principle of causality, defining qaḍā as the relationship between an object and its complete cause, and qadar as its relation to an incomplete cause. While the universe operates under causality, this system is itself subject to God's supreme will, which can hasten or delay outcomes. This dual reality—natural causality and divine intervention—creates a balance in human experience between recognizing natural laws and divine power. Human beings, according to this view, are not passive recipients of fate. Free will and moral responsibility remain intact. Actions shape eternal outcomes, and divine decree and human action coexist harmoniously, like soul and body. Importantly, some divine decrees can change— badāʾ—through repentance, prayer, and righteous acts, as emphasized in Islamic texts. This is explained through the distinction between two tablets: the Preserved Tablet (Lawḥ Maḥfūẓ) and the Tablet of Erasing and Affirming (Lawḥ Maḥw wa Ithbāt). Thus, fortune and misfortune are not fixed but can be transformed. Allamah's interpretation aligns closely with Quranic and prophetic teachings, reinforcing a believer's balance between fear and hope—an essential state for spiritual growth and closeness to God.

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قرآن: مطالعات معاصر
دوره 4، شماره 13 - شماره پیاپی 13
سال چهارم، شماره ۱۳، پاییز ۱۴۰۴
آذر 1404
صفحه 161-182

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