Al-Mustafa International University The Quran: Contemporary Studies 2981-0566 3 9 2024 11 21 An Analytical Examination of “The Interdisciplinary Thematic Exegesis of The Quran,” Theorized by Dr. Muḥammad ʿAlī Riḍā’ī Iṣfahānī An Analytical Examination of “The Interdisciplinary Thematic Exegesis of The Quran,” Theorized by Dr. Muḥammad ʿAlī Riḍā’ī Iṣfahānī 6 27 9760 10.22034/qns.2024.19465.1088 EN Muhammad Hussain Sharifi Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy and Studies of Religions, Faculty of Philosophy and Studies of Religions, Al Mustafa Open University, Qum, Iran MuhammadAli RezaeeEsfahani Professor, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Al-Mustafa International University, Qom, Iran Journal Article 2024 09 18 The Holy Quran comprises a comprehensive program that meets all needs in all aspects of human life, including personal, social, moral, political, and economic issues. To find a correct and precise understanding of such a unique program, we are required to know Quranic sciences and teachings, as well as the correct exegesis of the verses, both within the scope of terms and concepts. In this respect, Quranic scholars and great Shia exegetes have turned to explain and propose important and very applicable innovations that made a basis for a more accurate and complete understanding of Quranic verses. As an instance, we can name the “Interdisciplinary Thematic Exegesis of The Quran,” theorized by Dr. Muḥammad ʿAlī Riḍā’ī Iṣfahānī. In an analytical method, this study tried to analyze the theory in diverse sections. Hence, it is found that the adaptive relationship between the Quran and science, accountability of the Quran to human needs throughout history, the validity and permissibility of methods applied in scientific and thematic exegeses of the Quran, and the inaccuracy of imposing scientific theories on the Quran all serve as the foundations for this theory. The aforementioned theory consists of some positive consequences such as updated exegesis of the holy Quran and better comprehension of the verses, responding the new questions, scientific theorizations of the Quran, orientating the fundaments of human sciences and subject building for sciences, and producing new science and methodizing the interactions of the Quran and new sciences. The Holy Quran comprises a comprehensive program that meets all needs in all aspects of human life, including personal, social, moral, political, and economic issues. To find a correct and precise understanding of such a unique program, we are required to know Quranic sciences and teachings, as well as the correct exegesis of the verses, both within the scope of terms and concepts. In this respect, Quranic scholars and great Shia exegetes have turned to explain and propose important and very applicable innovations that made a basis for a more accurate and complete understanding of Quranic verses. As an instance, we can name the “Interdisciplinary Thematic Exegesis of The Quran,” theorized by Dr. Muḥammad ʿAlī Riḍā’ī Iṣfahānī. In an analytical method, this study tried to analyze the theory in diverse sections. Hence, it is found that the adaptive relationship between the Quran and science, accountability of the Quran to human needs throughout history, the validity and permissibility of methods applied in scientific and thematic exegeses of the Quran, and the inaccuracy of imposing scientific theories on the Quran all serve as the foundations for this theory. The aforementioned theory consists of some positive consequences such as updated exegesis of the holy Quran and better comprehension of the verses, responding the new questions, scientific theorizations of the Quran, orientating the fundaments of human sciences and subject building for sciences, and producing new science and methodizing the interactions of the Quran and new sciences.

http://qns.journals.miu.ac.ir/article_9760_b523fb10f51c5b56ad3df1ce64607698.pdf

Al-Mustafa International University The Quran: Contemporary Studies 2981-0566 3 9 2024 11 21 A comparative Analysis of Oliver Leaman’s encyclopedia of the Quran with ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī’s al-Mīzān on the topic of the creation of man A comparative Analysis of Oliver Leaman’s encyclopedia of the Quran with ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī’s al-Mīzān on the topic of the creation of man 28 55 9761 10.22034/qns.2024.19364.1087 EN Elham Sadat Hejazi Ph.D. student in Quranic Sciences and Hadith, Usuluddin Faculty, Tehran, Iran Muhammed Javad Herati Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran Journal Article 2024 09 03 The Quran: An Encyclopedia, edited by Oliver Leaman, is the second research work in the form of a Quranic encyclopedia in the Western world. In this encyclopedia, under the entry, “Insan/Nas,” (Human) the author of this entry, Ahmet Albayrak, addresses topics such as the creation of human beings, the psychological nature of the human, and the mission of humanity. This article aims to evaluate this entry through a comparative study with the views of ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī in tafsīr of al-Mīzān on the same topic. Based on the comparative analysis, it is evident that the author of the entry on “Insan” in Leaman’s encyclopedia has presented the discussions in a broad and imprecise manner, lacking a detailed and in-depth examination of the issue, and has failed to provide a sufficient explanation of the topic of the creation of human being. In contrast, the author of al-Mīzān has meticulously addressed all physical and spiritual dimensions of the creation of man from the perspective of the Quran and has offered a well-structured classification of the creation of man in the Quran, its roots and origins, as well as the manner and stages of human creation in the Quran. The Quran: An Encyclopedia, edited by Oliver Leaman, is the second research work in the form of a Quranic encyclopedia in the Western world. In this encyclopedia, under the entry, “Insan/Nas,” (Human) the author of this entry, Ahmet Albayrak, addresses topics such as the creation of human beings, the psychological nature of the human, and the mission of humanity. This article aims to evaluate this entry through a comparative study with the views of ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī in tafsīr of al-Mīzān on the same topic. Based on the comparative analysis, it is evident that the author of the entry on “Insan” in Leaman’s encyclopedia has presented the discussions in a broad and imprecise manner, lacking a detailed and in-depth examination of the issue, and has failed to provide a sufficient explanation of the topic of the creation of human being. In contrast, the author of al-Mīzān has meticulously addressed all physical and spiritual dimensions of the creation of man from the perspective of the Quran and has offered a well-structured classification of the creation of man in the Quran, its roots and origins, as well as the manner and stages of human creation in the Quran.

http://qns.journals.miu.ac.ir/article_9761_dd376e0b9ea34ce76fc4c67fd3148435.pdf

Al-Mustafa International University The Quran: Contemporary Studies 2981-0566 3 9 2024 11 21 Quranic Analysis of Defensive Diplomacy (Opportunities and Threats) in the Thought of Imam Khamenei Quranic Analysis of Defensive Diplomacy (Opportunities and Threats) in the Thought of Imam Khamenei 56 85 9762 10.22034/qns.2024.18961.1080 EN Ali Aqa Safari Assistant Professor, Higher Education Complex of Quran and Hadith, Al-Mustafa International University, Qum, Iran 0000-0002-9341-1698 Husayn Jafari Ph.D. graduate in Islamic History, Islamic Azad University, Shahroud, Iran Muhammad Amiri Ph.D. Candidate of Quran and Sciences, Higher Education Complex of Quran and Hadith, Al-Mustafa International University, Qum, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 02 Quranic defensive diplomacy is a foundational topic that holds a special place in the intellectual framework of Imam Khamenei, and understanding it scientifically requires systematic research. The propositions indicate that part of the Leader’s Quranic thoughts in the realm of diplomacy pertains to the optimal utilization of opportunities and calculated, intelligent responses to threats. Despite the Leader’s particular emphasis on this issue, independent scientific work has not been found; therefore, the primary concern of this research is to fill the existing gap and understand the role of this topic in the survival and continuity of nations, governments, and organizations from the Leader’s perspective. This work is organized with a foundational approach and employs a mixed-methods methodology, including exploratory, analytical, and interpretive techniques. The research outcomes indicate that, from the Leader’s perspective in the field of diplomacy, in addition to the necessity of being equipped with advanced military technologies and material and combat capabilities, there should be a special emphasis on enhancing the spiritual empowerment of human capital. This is crucial for balanced growth, independence, dynamism, and the necessary flourishing of the nation. It was also found that strengthening the foundations of faith, establishing monotheistic principles in life, sincerity in action, protecting and safeguarding values, institutionalizing the spirit of self-belief, sacrifice, and martyrdom, taking into account expertise and commitment, maintaining a faithful presence guided by insight, special attention to divine assistance, possessing a revolutionary spirit, self-reliance, and resistance to hegemony, as well as a correct understanding of the capacities of democracy and the establishment of inward-looking policies while rejecting outward-looking politics, are among the influential and decisive elements in the realm of defensive diplomacy. Quranic defensive diplomacy is a foundational topic that holds a special place in the intellectual framework of Imam Khamenei, and understanding it scientifically requires systematic research. The propositions indicate that part of the Leader’s Quranic thoughts in the realm of diplomacy pertains to the optimal utilization of opportunities and calculated, intelligent responses to threats. Despite the Leader’s particular emphasis on this issue, independent scientific work has not been found; therefore, the primary concern of this research is to fill the existing gap and understand the role of this topic in the survival and continuity of nations, governments, and organizations from the Leader’s perspective. This work is organized with a foundational approach and employs a mixed-methods methodology, including exploratory, analytical, and interpretive techniques. The research outcomes indicate that, from the Leader’s perspective in the field of diplomacy, in addition to the necessity of being equipped with advanced military technologies and material and combat capabilities, there should be a special emphasis on enhancing the spiritual empowerment of human capital. This is crucial for balanced growth, independence, dynamism, and the necessary flourishing of the nation. It was also found that strengthening the foundations of faith, establishing monotheistic principles in life, sincerity in action, protecting and safeguarding values, institutionalizing the spirit of self-belief, sacrifice, and martyrdom, taking into account expertise and commitment, maintaining a faithful presence guided by insight, special attention to divine assistance, possessing a revolutionary spirit, self-reliance, and resistance to hegemony, as well as a correct understanding of the capacities of democracy and the establishment of inward-looking policies while rejecting outward-looking politics, are among the influential and decisive elements in the realm of defensive diplomacy.

http://qns.journals.miu.ac.ir/article_9762_aaf8ed0a5adf23fb123d370d24b653b8.pdf

Al-Mustafa International University The Quran: Contemporary Studies 2981-0566 3 9 2024 11 21 The Correlation (Taḍāyuf) Between This World and the Hereafter: Impact on Honorable Life from the Perspectives of the Qur’ān and Nahj al-Balāghah The Correlation (Taḍāyuf) Between This World and the Hereafter: Impact on Honorable Life from the Perspectives of the Qur’ān and Nahj al-Balāghah 86 109 9763 10.22034/qns.2024.19514.1090 EN Aliyu Mustapha Ph.D. graduate in Islamic Theology (kalām), Department of Theology and Islamic Denominations, Faculty of Wisdom and Religious Studies, al-Mustafa International University, Qom, Iran Abbas Karimi Member of the Quran and Orientalists Association of the Seminary, Qom, Iran Muhammad Rezapur Assistant Professor, Department of Theology and Islamic Denominations, Faculty of Wisdom and Religious Studies, al-Mustafa International University, Qom, Iran Journal Article 2024 09 27 The relationship between this world and the Hereafter is one of the key issues in Islamic teachings and philosophical anthropology. Some Islamic scholars use hadith-based and philosophical arguments to support this relationship and they believe that the correlative relationship implies the current existence of the Hereafter. This paper employs a descriptive-analytic method to examine the validity of these arguments and to critique the objections raised against the “correlative relationship.” It seems that the correlative relationship between the two worlds and its implication (current existence of the hereafter) is compatible and consistent with the philosophical rules and Islamic teachings. Paying attention to this correlative relationship and its implication plays an important role in attaining an honorable life. This article shows some of the important outcomes of this attention, such as accelerating the process of controlling and directing human behaviors, prioritizing spiritual actions over bodily actions, eliminating negligence, and so on. The relationship between this world and the Hereafter is one of the key issues in Islamic teachings and philosophical anthropology. Some Islamic scholars use hadith-based and philosophical arguments to support this relationship and they believe that the correlative relationship implies the current existence of the Hereafter. This paper employs a descriptive-analytic method to examine the validity of these arguments and to critique the objections raised against the “correlative relationship.” It seems that the correlative relationship between the two worlds and its implication (current existence of the hereafter) is compatible and consistent with the philosophical rules and Islamic teachings. Paying attention to this correlative relationship and its implication plays an important role in attaining an honorable life. This article shows some of the important outcomes of this attention, such as accelerating the process of controlling and directing human behaviors, prioritizing spiritual actions over bodily actions, eliminating negligence, and so on.

http://qns.journals.miu.ac.ir/article_9763_760364b1d3859533fdfefe333c1ebf50.pdf

Al-Mustafa International University The Quran: Contemporary Studies 2981-0566 3 9 2024 11 21 Contexts and Factors of Global Arrogance Decline in Ayatullah Khamenei’s Defensive Thought: Quranic Analysis Contexts and Factors of Global Arrogance Decline in Ayatullah Khamenei’s Defensive Thought: Quranic Analysis 110 136 9764 10.22034/qns.2024.19671.1091 EN AbdulQadir Muhammad-Bello PhD Candidate of Quran and Orientalists, Faculty of Quran and Hadith, al-Mustafa International University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria Husayn Alavi Mehr Professor, Faculty of Quran and Hadith, al-Mustafa International University, Qum, Iran Mohammad Javad Eskandarlou Professor, Faculty of Quran and Hadith, al-Mustafa International University, Qum, Iran Journal Article 2024 10 17 In contemporary Muslim literature, the term “global arrogance” is used to describe the cultural and economic hegemony of powerful nations over other countries. The primary aim of this research is to explore the contexts and factors contributing to the decline of global arrogance within the framework of Ayatullah Khamenei’s defensive thought, analyzed through a Quranic lens. The study began with a theoretical framework focusing on the conceptual analysis of some related terms, the position of defense in Ayatullah Khamenei’s political thought, and the Quranic basics of Imam Khamenei’s defensive thought. Using a descriptive and analytical method, this research has examined based on the Quran, the contexts and factors of the global arrogance decline as explained by His Eminence to reach the research outcome. The findings revealed that several factors contribute to the decline of global arrogance, including a lack of spirituality, arrogance itself, family breakdowns, and social injustice. Additionally, moral and cultural erosion, social decay, economic downturns, political challenges, the global Islamic awakening, and the emergence of a new world order are significant influences on this decline. The paper concludes that Ayatullah Khamenei’s defensive thought provides a robust framework for understanding resistance to global arrogance, advocating for a strategic approach that combines spiritual conviction and political action to combat oppression, thereby contributing to the broader discourse on anti-imperialism in contemporary geopolitical contexts. In contemporary Muslim literature, the term “global arrogance” is used to describe the cultural and economic hegemony of powerful nations over other countries. The primary aim of this research is to explore the contexts and factors contributing to the decline of global arrogance within the framework of Ayatullah Khamenei’s defensive thought, analyzed through a Quranic lens. The study began with a theoretical framework focusing on the conceptual analysis of some related terms, the position of defense in Ayatullah Khamenei’s political thought, and the Quranic basics of Imam Khamenei’s defensive thought. Using a descriptive and analytical method, this research has examined based on the Quran, the contexts and factors of the global arrogance decline as explained by His Eminence to reach the research outcome. The findings revealed that several factors contribute to the decline of global arrogance, including a lack of spirituality, arrogance itself, family breakdowns, and social injustice. Additionally, moral and cultural erosion, social decay, economic downturns, political challenges, the global Islamic awakening, and the emergence of a new world order are significant influences on this decline. The paper concludes that Ayatullah Khamenei’s defensive thought provides a robust framework for understanding resistance to global arrogance, advocating for a strategic approach that combines spiritual conviction and political action to combat oppression, thereby contributing to the broader discourse on anti-imperialism in contemporary geopolitical contexts.

http://qns.journals.miu.ac.ir/article_9764_5b835b7e1130c5c24a034d594512be69.pdf

Al-Mustafa International University The Quran: Contemporary Studies 2981-0566 3 9 2024 11 21 Comparative Methodology of the English Translations by George Sale, Arberry, and Qarai of selected verses from Sūrat al-Fātiḥa Comparative Methodology of the English Translations by George Sale, Arberry, and Qarai of selected verses from Sūrat al-Fātiḥa 137 166 9765 10.22034/qns.2024.19495.1089 EN Babak Mashhadi Ph.D. (Level 4) Student of the International Institute for Islamic Studies (IIIS), Qum, Iran Mahmoud Karimi Associate Professor, Department of Quranic and Hadith Sciences, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 09 23 Translating the Quran into English is a crucial responsibility for scholars proficient in both the English language and Islamic culture. It is essential for these scholars to accurately convey the profound teachings of this divine text to those seeking truth, in light of the guidance provided by the Quran and the Ahl al-Bayt (a). Recognizing and utilizing an appropriate translation to convey the pure teachings of the Quran is of utmost importance. Therefore, this study aims to critically and comparatively analyze three famous English translations of the Quran by George Sale, Arberry, and Qarai, focusing on methodology, vocabulary, tafsīr, grammar, and rhetoric, particularly regarding the initial verses of Sūrat al-Fātiḥa. The goal is to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of each translation, providing the reader with deeper insights for selecting a preferred translation. This research demonstrates that, in addition to existing weaknesses in methodology, vocabulary, and phrases, Sale’s translation exhibits shortcomings in various literary, exegetical, and translational layers. Arberry’s translation also shows weaknesses in grammatical structure, vocabulary, and meaning transfer. In comparison, Qarai’s phrase-by-phrase translation is considered the most accurate and the best among the three in terms of style, structure, vocabulary, and meaning transfer. The author believes that the best translation style is one that aligns with the norms and language of the general public, and the most effective translation method is a phrase-by-phrase approach. Additionally, the exegetical foundations of the Shiʿi school of Islam, centered on the teachings of the Infallibles (a), should be taken into account for understanding the meanings of words and phrases in the Quran. All exegetical, grammatical, and rhetorical points must be considered in a suitable translation to provide an optimal rendering of the Quran. Translating the Quran into English is a crucial responsibility for scholars proficient in both the English language and Islamic culture. It is essential for these scholars to accurately convey the profound teachings of this divine text to those seeking truth, in light of the guidance provided by the Quran and the Ahl al-Bayt (a). Recognizing and utilizing an appropriate translation to convey the pure teachings of the Quran is of utmost importance. Therefore, this study aims to critically and comparatively analyze three famous English translations of the Quran by George Sale, Arberry, and Qarai, focusing on methodology, vocabulary, tafsīr, grammar, and rhetoric, particularly regarding the initial verses of Sūrat al-Fātiḥa. The goal is to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of each translation, providing the reader with deeper insights for selecting a preferred translation. This research demonstrates that, in addition to existing weaknesses in methodology, vocabulary, and phrases, Sale’s translation exhibits shortcomings in various literary, exegetical, and translational layers. Arberry’s translation also shows weaknesses in grammatical structure, vocabulary, and meaning transfer. In comparison, Qarai’s phrase-by-phrase translation is considered the most accurate and the best among the three in terms of style, structure, vocabulary, and meaning transfer. The author believes that the best translation style is one that aligns with the norms and language of the general public, and the most effective translation method is a phrase-by-phrase approach. Additionally, the exegetical foundations of the Shiʿi school of Islam, centered on the teachings of the Infallibles (a), should be taken into account for understanding the meanings of words and phrases in the Quran. All exegetical, grammatical, and rhetorical points must be considered in a suitable translation to provide an optimal rendering of the Quran.

http://qns.journals.miu.ac.ir/article_9765_88acc0d10217ec2a02acc90808e5a32c.pdf

Al-Mustafa International University The Quran: Contemporary Studies 2981-0566 3 9 2024 11 21 Book Review: Codex Mashhad Book Review: Codex Mashhad 167 170 9766 10.22034/qns.2024.20093.1100 EN Babak Mashhadi Ph.D. (Level 4) Student of the International Institute for Islamic Studies (IIIS), Qum, Iran Journal Article 2024 12 03 The “Codex Mashhad,” also known as “Muṣḥaf-i Mashhad-i Raḍavī,” is a significant early Qur’ānic manuscript written in ḥijāzī script, originating from the Hejaz region of Arabia in the first Islamic century (7th century AD). Comprising two manuscripts (18 and 4116) housed at the Āstān-i Quds Library in Mashhad, Iran, the codex contains 252 folios, preserving over 95% of the Qur’ānic text. Through paleographic analysis, orthographic examination, and radiocarbon dating, its antiquity has been established, making it a critical primary source for studying the Qur’ān’s early textual history. While adhering to the ʿUthmānic standard, the codex uniquely retains Ibn Masʿūd’s sūra order, offering insight into alternative early Qur’ānic structures. Its vertical layout, verse separation, and minimalistic formatting, including pause markers and blank spaces between sūras, distinguish it from other ḥijāzī manuscripts. Endowed to the Shrine of Imām al-Riḍā (a) in the late 5th century AH by ʿAlī ibn Abī l-Qāsim al-Muqrī al-Sarawī, the codex also includes a deed of endowment in Eastern Kufic and early Ṭabarī Persian, enhancing its historical and cultural significance. The “Codex Mashhad,” also known as “Muṣḥaf-i Mashhad-i Raḍavī,” is a significant early Qur’ānic manuscript written in ḥijāzī script, originating from the Hejaz region of Arabia in the first Islamic century (7th century AD). Comprising two manuscripts (18 and 4116) housed at the Āstān-i Quds Library in Mashhad, Iran, the codex contains 252 folios, preserving over 95% of the Qur’ānic text. Through paleographic analysis, orthographic examination, and radiocarbon dating, its antiquity has been established, making it a critical primary source for studying the Qur’ān’s early textual history. While adhering to the ʿUthmānic standard, the codex uniquely retains Ibn Masʿūd’s sūra order, offering insight into alternative early Qur’ānic structures. Its vertical layout, verse separation, and minimalistic formatting, including pause markers and blank spaces between sūras, distinguish it from other ḥijāzī manuscripts. Endowed to the Shrine of Imām al-Riḍā (a) in the late 5th century AH by ʿAlī ibn Abī l-Qāsim al-Muqrī al-Sarawī, the codex also includes a deed of endowment in Eastern Kufic and early Ṭabarī Persian, enhancing its historical and cultural significance.

http://qns.journals.miu.ac.ir/article_9766_585f5ee358b99e6583196b127e868c2b.pdf

Al-Mustafa International University The Quran: Contemporary Studies 2981-0566 3 9 2024 11 21 Book Review: The Latin Qur’an, 1143-1500: Translation, Transition, Interpretation Book Review: The Latin Qur’an, 1143-1500: Translation, Transition, Interpretation 171 173 9767 10.22034/qns.2024.20094.1101 EN Muhammad-Reza Fakhr-Rohani Assistant Professor, University of Qum,Qum, Iran Journal Article 2024 12 03 The Latin Qur’an, 1143-1500: Translation, Transition, Interpretation, edited by Candida Ferrero Hernández and John Tolan, presents 21 scholarly papers from a 2020 conference at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, part of the “The European Quran” project (1150-1850). This volume examines the medieval European engagement with Islam, focusing on Latin translations of the Qur’ān and their cultural and intellectual impact. Robert of Ketton’s pioneering yet flawed 12th-century Latin translation, which misrepresented the Qur’ān as a work of the Prophet Muhammad, significantly shaped European misconceptions of Islam. Contributions, including Thomas Burman’s analysis of early Latin quotations from al-Andalus, Anthony John Lappin’s study of Alchoran Latinus, Olivier Hanne’s exploration of Arabic scientific and religious translations, and Xavier Casassas Canals’ examination of polemical annotations, highlight the diverse approaches to Islamic texts. The volume underscores the historical and doctrinal roots of European perceptions of the Qur’ān, offering valuable insights into intercultural exchanges during a transformative period. The Latin Qur’an, 1143-1500: Translation, Transition, Interpretation, edited by Candida Ferrero Hernández and John Tolan, presents 21 scholarly papers from a 2020 conference at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, part of the “The European Quran” project (1150-1850). This volume examines the medieval European engagement with Islam, focusing on Latin translations of the Qur’ān and their cultural and intellectual impact. Robert of Ketton’s pioneering yet flawed 12th-century Latin translation, which misrepresented the Qur’ān as a work of the Prophet Muhammad, significantly shaped European misconceptions of Islam. Contributions, including Thomas Burman’s analysis of early Latin quotations from al-Andalus, Anthony John Lappin’s study of Alchoran Latinus, Olivier Hanne’s exploration of Arabic scientific and religious translations, and Xavier Casassas Canals’ examination of polemical annotations, highlight the diverse approaches to Islamic texts. The volume underscores the historical and doctrinal roots of European perceptions of the Qur’ān, offering valuable insights into intercultural exchanges during a transformative period.

http://qns.journals.miu.ac.ir/article_9767_1fa7865467b8501770401413db58d14d.pdf